污水灌溉对土壤重金属含量、酶活性和微生物类群分布的影响

以沈阳张士灌区长期污灌的农田土壤为对象,研究了土壤重金属、土壤酶活性、微生物生物量和种群分布特征,分析了土壤微生物参数与土壤重金属和土壤性质的相关关系.结果表明,虽然已停止污灌十余年,张士灌区农田土壤仍存在Cd、Zn、Cu等多种重金属污染.土壤Cd污染最严重,含量达1.75～3.89 mg·kg-1.土壤耕作层(0～30cm)Zn、Cu、Pb总含量随土层深度增加逐渐减少,而Cd元素的垂直分布呈向下迁移的趋势.Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb等4种重金属含量水平分布特征相似,均为1号样地＞2号样地＞3号样地＞4号样地.相关性分析表明,张士灌区土壤酶活性、微生物生物量和种群分布受重金属污染和土壤养分的影响,土壤养分含量(有机碳、N、P、K)对微生物的正面效应大于重金属对微生物的负面效应.土壤全量Cd和速效K对微生物参数的影响最为明显,Cd含量与多酚氧化酶活性和微生物生物量(Cmic)呈极显著负相关,与纤维素酶活性呈极显著正相关(P＜0 01),速效K含量与多酚氧化酶活性、微生物生物量以及可培养微生物种群数量均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01).     

简化连续提取法评价污染土壤中Zn、Cd的植物有效性

以0.01 mol·L^-1CaCl₂和0.005 mol·L^-1 DTPA作为提取剂,用简化的3步连续提取法对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌污染土壤中Zn、Cd的形态进行了分析.结果显示,污染土壤中Zn、Cd主要以残渣态的形式存在,CaCl₂提取态和DTPA提取态Zn、Cd平均仅占全量的0.63%、3.91%和10.94%、10.13%.土壤中不同形态Zn、Cd含量与玉米中Zn、Cd含量的相关分析结果显示,CaCl₂提取态金属与玉米中金属含量没有显著的相关关系,而DTPA提取态、残渣态以及总量Zn、Cd与玉米根、茎叶中Zn、Cd含量显著正相关.这些结果表明CaCl₂提取态Zn、Cd对土壤中该元素的植物有效态可能不具重要贡献,而DTPA提取态金属和金属总量在一定程度上能作为评价土壤中元素植物有效性的标准.     

利用umu/SOS实验评价污灌土壤的遗传毒性

利用umu/SOS显色实验评价北京市郊污水灌溉土壤中遗传毒性物质的积累,得到表征样品遗传毒性大小的β-半乳糖苷酶诱导活性(IU值).以达到阳性时诱导比率R=2(试验管IU值/对照管IU值)需要的土壤重量来反映土壤样品的相对遗传毒性.R值起初随着96孔板每孔土壤样品量的增大而增大,但在达到某一定值后呈现稳定,此时各土壤样品投加量均为每孔约含10mg土壤.用剂量效应曲线中线性段的斜率作为标准,判断出遗传毒性物质为性质相同的一类污染物,根据相关资料推测主要是由于多环芳烃类污染物积累.     

水溶性有机物在土壤剖面中的分馏及对Cu迁移的作用

通过室内土柱试验研究了DOM在土壤剖面中的“分馏”作用,DOM在纵向运移过程中的穿透行为及对污染的红壤和潮土中重金属Cu溶出效果的影响.结果表明,绿肥和猪粪DOM经过土柱后极性都有所降低,在潮土上的降低幅度较大,分别为11.4%和10.72%;DOM能够明显地增加污染土壤中Cu的溶出,且这种作用效果与DOM及土壤的性质有关,绿肥DOM的作用效果比猪粪DOM的强,整个淋洗过程中潮土上Cu的平均溶出量是红壤上的4.37倍(绿肥DOM)和3.03倍(猪粪DOM);由于微生物对DOM的分解作用,降低了DOM对土壤中Cu的溶出效果.     

北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜镉含量及其健康风险分析

通过对北京市蔬菜和菜地土壤镉含量状况进行大规模调查,研究了蔬菜和土壤镉含量及其健康风险,并筛选出抗镉污染能力强的蔬菜品种.根据蔬菜的消费量同时兼顾品种多样性的原则,在北京市规模化蔬菜栽培基地(采集蔬菜及土壤样品)和蔬菜批发市场(蔬菜样品)共采集97种蔬菜363个样品和54个土壤样品.研究发现:北京市菜地土壤镉积累明显,其范围为0.091～0.971 mg·kg-1,其算术均值和Box-Cox均值分别为0.229和0.187 mg·kg-1,其中有两个样点土壤镉含量(0.971和0.886 mg·kg-1)超过<土壤环境质量标准>(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准(0.6 mg·kg-1);北京市蔬菜镉含量范围、算术均值和Box-Cox均值分别为0.1～101.4、12.8和10.0μg·kg-1;叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜的镉平均含量显著高于瓜果类和特菜;北京市本地产蔬菜与市售外地产蔬菜的镉含量没有显著差异;裸露地蔬菜镉含量显著高于设施蔬菜;小白菜、辣椒、茄子、萝卜和大白菜镉富集系数较高,其抗镉污染能力较弱,而冬瓜、黄瓜、叶甜菜、大葱、云架豆、甘蓝、西红柿等镉富集系数较低,其抗镉污染能力较强.北京市居民每人从蔬菜中摄入镉的量为12 2μg·d-1,蔬菜镉对北京市部分人群存在一定的潜在健康风险.     

重金属Cd、Cu对小麦(Triticum aestivum)幼苗生理生化过程的影响及其毒性机理研究

对Cd、Cu单因子处理下小麦幼苗叶片和根系的SOD、POD酶活、可溶性蛋白含量以及叶片中叶绿素含量的变化进行了研究.结果表明,Cd、Cu胁迫下,小麦幼苗受到损伤的明显症状之一是叶片叶绿素含量下降;小麦植株叶片POD、SOD酶活能够被诱导而升高;重金属Cd、Cu对小麦幼苗根系的损伤较叶片大;重金属对小麦幼苗的毒害机理之一是抑制了蛋白质的生物合成;重金属引起的各个生化指标随着处理浓度和处理时间的变化远比有机污染物(如豆磺隆)简单.     

Perfluorinated Surfactants in Surface and Drinking Waters (9 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope In this paper recent results are provided of an investigation on the discovery of 12 perfluorinated surfactants (PS) in different surface and drinking waters (Skutlarek et al. 2006 a, Skutlarek et al. 2006 b). In the last years, many studies have reported ubiquitous distribution of this group of perfluorinated chemicals, especially perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the environment, particularly in wildlife animal and human samples (Giesy and Kannan 2001, Houde et al. 2006, Prevedouros et al. 2006). Perfluorinated surfactants (e.g. PFOS and PFOA) have shown different potentials for reproductory interference and carcinogenity in animal experiments as well as partly long half-lives in humans (Guruge et al. 2006, FSA UK 2006a, FSA UK 2006b, 3M 2005, OECD 2002, Yao and Zhong 2005). They possess compound-dependent extreme recalcitrance against microbiological and chemical degradation and, in addition, they show variable potentials for bioaccumulation in animals and humans (Houde et al. 2006). Materials and Methods: Surface and drinking water samples were collected from different sampling sites: - Surface waters: samples taken from the rivers Rhine, Ruhr, Moehne and some of their tributaries. Further samples were taken from the Rhine-Herne-Canal and the Wesel-Datteln-Canal. - Drinking waters: samples taken in public buildings of the Rhine-Ruhr area. After sample clean-up and concentration by solid-phase extraction, the perfluorinated surfactants were determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Results: All measured concentrations (sum of seven mainly detected components) in the Rhine river and its main tributaries (mouths) were determined below 100 ng/L. The Ruhr river (tributary of the Rhine) showed the highest concentration (94 ng/L), but with a completely different pattern of components (PFOA as major component), as compared with the other tributaries and the Rhine river. Further investigations along the Ruhr river showed remarkably high concentrations of PS in the upper reaches of the Ruhr river and the Moehne river (tributary of the Ruhr) (Ruhr: up to 446 ng/L, Moehne: up to 4385 ng/L). The maximum concentration of all drinking water samples taken in the Rhine-Ruhr area was determined at 598 ng/L with the major component PFOA (519 ng/L). Discussion: The surface water contaminations most likely stem from contaminated inorganic and organic waste materials (so-called 'Abfallgemisch'). This waste material was legally applied to several agricultural areas on the upper reaches of the Moehne. Perfluorinated surfactants could be detected in some suchlike soil samples. They contaminated the river and the reservoir belonging to it, likely by superficial run-off over several months or probably years. Downstream, dilution effects are held responsible for decreasing concentrations of PS in surface waters of the Moehne and the Ruhr river. In analogy to the surface water samples, PS (major component PFOA) can be determined in many drinking water samples of the Rhine-Ruhr area where the water supplies are mainly based on bank filtration and artificial recharge. Conclusions: The concentrations found in drinking waters decreased with the concentrations of the corresponding raw water samples along the flow direction of the Ruhr river (from east to west) and were not significantly different from surface water concentrations. This indicates that perfluorinated surfactants are at present not successfully removed by water treatment steps. Recommendations and Perspectives: Because of their different problematic properties (persistence, mobility, toxicity, bioaccumulation), the concentrations of specific perfluorinated surfactants and their precursors in drinking waters and food have to be minimised. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to take the initiative to establish suitable legal regulations (limitations/ban) concerning the production and use of these surfactants and their precursors. Furthermore, it is indispensable to protect water resources from these compounds. A discussion on appropriate limit values in drinking water and foodstuffs is urgently needed. Concerning the assumed soil contamination, the corresponding regulation (Bioabfall-Verordnung 1998 – Regulation on Organic Waste 1998) should be extended to allow the control of relevant organic pollutants.     

湖南锡矿山周边土壤-农作物系统锑迁移转换特征及污染评价

为了解湖南锡矿山周边土壤与农产品锑(Sb)含量特征和污染状况,为锑矿区土壤锑污染防治和农田安全利用提供科学依据.以湖南锡矿山为研究区,采集周边不同区域农田土壤及相应农产品,共计193对,通过分析土壤锑含量、基本理化性质和农产品锑含量,研究锑在土壤-农产品系统中迁移和转换特征,并且对土壤及农产品进行安全评估.结果表明,矿...     

某城市建筑泥浆污染现状调查研究

以某城市为例,研究城市建筑泥浆的污染现状,并分析泥浆受到污染的原因.结果表明:对照《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中的Ⅳ类标准限值,调研的4个工地泥浆水全部超标;该城市地层土壤中的有机质、总氮、总磷含量高是泥浆水超标的重要原因,工地制浆使用的地表水和污水也不能满足Ⅳ类水质的要求.在建筑工地的管理中,应...     

黄河三角洲不同植被类型土壤酶活性的季节变化

黄河三角洲自然保护区的酶活性季节特征一定程度影响了该地植被分布类型,为研究黄河三角洲自然保护区不同植被土壤酶活性的季节特征,分别选取碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、刺槐(Black Locust)和高粱(Sorghum)5种典...